Linguistic Characteristics
Esperanto is a constructed language that has no genealogical relation to any ethnic language
Yet, it is based on Indo-European languages
It is a completely phonetic language – every word is pronounced as it is spelled without “silent” letters or exceptions often found in most languages
Main Indo-European Influences
Semantics are Slavic
75% of vocabulary derives from Latin and Romance languages
20% of the vocabulary is influence by the Germanic languages
The remaining amount comes mainly from the Slavic languages with the exception of the use of Greek for scientific matters
Written Word and Numbers
Consists of a modified Latin alphabet of 28 letters
Czech influenced
a b c ĉ d e f g ĝ h ĥ i j ĵ k l m n o p r s ŝ t u ŭ v z
The alphabet excludes q, w, x, y except in unassimilated foreign names
Includes six letter with diacritics:
Circumflex -
ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ
Breve –
ŭ
Numbers
The cardinal numerals are:
nul (zero)
unu (one)
du (two)
tri (three)
kvar (four)
kvin (five)
ses (six)
sep (seven)
ok (eight)
naŭ (nine)
dek (ten)
cent (one hundred)
mil (one thousand)
Phonetics
Consists of 22 consonants
5 vowels
2 semivowels, which combine with the vowels to form 6 diphthongs
Tone is not used to distinguish meanings of words
Vowels
Esperanto has five “pure” vowels
Made up of Spanish, Swahili, and Modern Greek
No distinctions of length
No nasal vowels
The limitation of the quantity of vowels allows for variation in how vowels are pronounced
Grammar and Word Building
Esperanto is a language very rich in word building
Words are derived by stringing together prefixes, roots, and suffixes, and create a large system of affixes
Elements of Esperanto can be classified into these categories:
Roots (radikoj)
- patr – man, bon – good, ir – go
Affixes (afiksoj) – a more specific subset of roots
ej – place, ism – a movement, iĝ – to become
Inflectional affixes or endings (finaĵoj) category endings:
o – noun, a – adjective, e – adverb, i – infinitive verb
declensional endings:
j – plural, n – accusative
conjugative endings:
a – present, i – past, o – future, s – indicative, nt – active participle, t – passive participle, us – conditional, u – volitive
Primitive words (vortetoj) – a subset of roots that do not require any category ending to form a word. However, the ending is possible.
tro – too, too many, tri – three, vi – you, aŭ – or fi – fie ◊ fia – disgusting, anstataŭ – instead of, anstataŭi – to substitute
With Esperanto’s 900 roots, combined with thousands of words with prefixes, suffixes, and more enable speakers to communicate with a much smaller root vocabulary than most languages
Esperanto also enables speakers to borrow new roots in the international form when needed.
Examples of Esperanto (with International Phonetic Alphabet)
Hello: Saluton /sa.ˈlu.ton/
What is your name?: Kiel vi nomiĝas? /ˈki.el vi no.ˈmi.ʤas/
My name is...: Mi nomiĝas... /mi no.ˈmi.ʤas/
How much?: Kiom? /ˈki.om/
Do you speak Esperanto?:
Ĉu vi parolas Esperanton? /ˈʧu vi pa.ˈro.las es.pe.ˈran.ton/
I don't understand you: Mi ne komprenas vin [mi ˈne kom.ˈpre.nas vin/
Thank you: Dankon /ˈdan.kon/
You're welcome: Ne dankinde /ˈne dan.ˈkin.de/
Please: Bonvolu /bon.ˈvo.lu/
Bless you!/Gesundheit!: Sanon! /ˈsa.non/
Okay: Bone /ˈbo.ne/ or Ĝuste /ˈʤus.te/
It is a nice day: Estas bela tago /ˈes.tas ˈbe.la ˈta.ɡo/
I love you: Mi amas vin /mi ˈa.mas vin/
Goodbye: Ĝis (la) (revido) /ʤis (la) (re.ˈvi.do)/
I would like a [one] beer, please: Unu bieron, mi petas. /ˈu.nu bi.ˈe.ron mi ˈpe.tas/
What is that?: Kio estas tio? /ˈki.o ˈes.tas ˈti.o/
How are you?: Kiel vi (fartas)? /ˈki.el vi ˈfar.tas/
Good morning!: Bonan matenon! /ˈbo.nan ma.ˈte.non/
Good evening!: Bonan vesperon! /ˈbo.nan ves.ˈpe.ron/
Good night!: Bonan nokton! /ˈbo.nan ˈnok.ton/